We look at the four spheres that make up the Earth. The lithosphere (land) , the hydrosphere (water) , atmosphere (air) and the bioscope (life). Additionally how they bring about balance and what happens when the balance is interrupted.

The rock cycle is a natural continuous process in which rocks form, break down and re-form over long periods of time. We look at the 3 types of rocks that play a role in the rock cycle.

Mining forms part of an important industry in South Africa and many people depend on mining for a living. If you are interested in mining, this lesson looks at mining mineral resources.

We look at the process of extracting metal ores buried deep underground which is called mining, the metal ores are found in the earth’s crust in varying abundance. We look at how gold is extracted and the uses of it.

We are the world’s largest producers of various minerals. This lesson is more informative about mining and its effects. This lesson also concludes what we have learnt about the lithosphere.

The atmosphere is the layer of gases which surrounds the Earth. Air is a synonym for atmosphere, the only difference is that the composition of the atmosphere is more than air. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that are held in a position around the Earth by the gravity of the Earth.

The atmosphere is composed of layers based on temperature. These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. This lesson will focus on the Troposphere and Stratosphere.

Looking at the remaining layers that also make up the atmosphere, the Mesosphere and Thermosphere, we conclude on the structure of the atmosphere.

In this section we will be looking at how important greenhouse gases are to sustain life on Earth. The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth’s surface by “greenhouse gases” . By the end of this lesson you will realise the importance of protecting our planet from inc...

Discover how stars are born, how they evolve, and how they die. Scientists speak of stellar evolution when talking about the birth, life and death of stars. The lifetime of individual stars is way too long for humans to observe the evolution of a single star.